| 1 | a |
| Bird either clattering its bill or drumming on wood. | ► 2 |
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| 1 | b |
| Bird singing or calling. | ► 5 |
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| 2 | a | | |
| 2 | b |
| Bird less than half as large, usually climbing the trees using stiff tail as a support. Drumming rhythmically on tree trunks (woodpeckers). | ► 3 |
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| 3 | a | | |
| 3 | b | | |
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| 4 | a | | |
| 4 | b | | |
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| 5 | a |
| Singing mostly during the night. | ► 6 |
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| 5 | b |
| Singing mostly during the day. | ► 9 |
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| 6 | a | | |
| 6 | b |
| Song composed of clear, short notes with a pause between each one, regularly repeated. | ► 7 |
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| 6 | c |
| Song usually long and melodious, without a pause. | ► 8 |
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| 7 | a | | |
| 7 | b | | |
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| 8 | a | | |
| 8 | b |
Song fluting and warbling, often begining with a few high, drawn-out, thin notes, then the verse droping in pitch and speeding up with fast runs of trembling and excited, clear squeaky notes.  (i) | Robin (Erithacus rubecula) |
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| 8 | c | | |
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| 9 | a |
| Bird climbing tree trunks using the stiff tail as a support or climbing in all directions. | ► 10 |
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| 9 | b |
| Bird rarely climbing tree trunks and then only climbing upwards without using tail as a support. | ► 14 |
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| 10 | a |
| Bird climbing in all directions (even head downwards), but not using its tail. Back grey, breast and belly orange. Singing very loud: tüü-tüü-tüü-tüü (i), qui-qui-qui-qui (i) or twee-tweet twee-tweet (i) | Nuthatch (Sitta europaea) |
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| 10 | b |
| Bird always climbing upwards using its tail for support. | ► 11 |
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| 11 | a | | |
| 11 | b |
| Medium sized woodpecker, somewhat larger than a Blackbird. Back black or green. Making loud calls or drumming on wood. | ► 12 |
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| 12 | a | | |
| 12 | b | | |
| 12 | c |
| Back green. Drums in spring. | ► 13 |
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| 13 | a | | |
| 13 | b |
| Head green with a red crown. Drums only rarely but then with fast, soft rolls. Song a loud, laughing series of 10-18 notes, which do not drop in pitch. (i) | Green Woodpecker (Picus viridis) |
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| 14 | a |
| Bird 2 to 3 times the size of a Blackbird. | ► 15 |
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| 14 | b |
| Bird approximately the same size as a Blackbird. | ► 23 |
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| 14 | c |
| Bird at most half of the size of the Blackbird. | ► 24 |
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| Larger bird, 2-3 times the size of a Blackbird |
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| 15 | a |
| Bird uniformly coloured (black or grey). | ► 16 |
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| 15 | b |
| Bird bi-coloured or multi-coloured. | ► 19 |
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| 16 | a |
| Bird mostly uniformly medium or light grey, the breast and belly only slightly lighter than the rest of the plumage. | ► 17 |
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| 16 | b |
| Bird mostly uniformly black or dark grey. | ► 18 |
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| 17 | a |
| Abundant in parks, often feeding on grass lawns. Neck with a large white patch at the side. Wing with uniformly grey underside and a white transverse band clearly visible on the upper surface in flight. Singing high up in the canopy. Song is a hollow, hoarse, stifled, growling hooh-hrooo ... (i) | Wood Pigeon (Columba palumbus) |
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| 17 | b |
| Widespread and abundant in towns and cities, usually in flocks. Generally grey, but also in many colour variants. Wings white on underside. Song is a moaning drroo-u, repeated several times, often with faint increase in volume. | Feral Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) |
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| 17 | c |
| Abundant in the areas with individual houses with gardens. Light grey (pale) bird with the narrow black bar (stripe) across side of neck. Song with three syllables coo-coo-coo, repeated a few time. (i) | Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) |
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| 18 | a |
| Bird appearing completely dark at a distance but at closer range is dark grey with lighter grey over neck and nape. Call a rather short and cutting kyack. | Jackdaw (Corvus monedula) |
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| 18 | b | | |
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| 19 | a |
| Bird bi-coloured (generally only two colours of plumage). | ► 20 |
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| 19 | b |
| Bird multi-coloured. | ► 21 |
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| 20 | a |
| Black and white bird with very long tail. Most calls are hoarse and unmusical. Best known is long-drown-out, fast very hoarse staccato series tsche-tsche-tsche ... (i) | Magpie (Pica pica) |
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| 20 | b | | |
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| 21 | a |
| Wings broadly rounded; wings and tail black and white striped. Orange body and crown with an erectile crest like that of a Native American Chief. Bill long, narrow and slightly down-curved. Song hollow, muffled with 3 (sometimes only 2) syllables oop-oop-oop. (i) | Hoopoe (Upupa epops) |
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| 21 | b |
| Wings pointed and triangular; wings and tail long. Bill short. | ► 22 |
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| 22 | a |
| Back, head and breast plain blue-grey, the sharply defined belly area white with dark bars. Familiar song of two syllables kooo-koo is repeated for a long time. (i) | Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) |
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| 22 | b |
| Bird of prey with reddish-brown back contrasting with dark grey wing tips. Frequently hovers with hanging tail spread like a fan. Calls in flight with a fast series of short, sharp notes kee-kee-kee ... (i) | Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) |
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| Medium-sized bird, similar in size to a Blackbird |
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| 23 | a |
| Bird mainly black, with yellow bill. Singing high up in the tree canopy and at the top of buildings. Song long and melodious. (i) | Blackbird (Turdus merula) |
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| 23 | b |
| Bird black with many white spots on the body. Song very complicated sequence of loud whistles and rather soft knocking sounds or squeaks. Often imitating other birds. (i) | Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) |
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| 23 | c | | |
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| Small bird, the size of a Sparrow |
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| 24 | a |
| Bird with very powerful, triangular bill, big head and thick neck, and short tail. Dominant colours are rusty-brown with black, white and grey patterns (embellishments). Calls are sharp, dry and high-pitched explosive notes pix. (i) | Hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes) |
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| 24 | b |
| Bird more delicate in all its parts. Tail longer. | ► 25 |
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| 25 | a |
| Breast uniformly bright orange. | ► 26 |
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| 25 | b | | |
| 25 | c |
| Breast whitish, grey or brown. | ► 28 |
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| 26 | a |
| Back brown, belly white. Legs brown. Song fluting and warbling, often beginning with a few high, drawn-out, thin notes, and then the verse dropping in pitch and speeding up with fast runs of trembling and excited, clear, squeaky notes. (i) | Robin (Erithacus rubecula) |
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| 26 | b |
| Back grey; belly orange like the breast. Legs black. Song with a short, soft, melancholy verse at high pitch, which is constantly repeated from first morning light until the evening. (i) | Redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus) |
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| 27 | a |
| Head yellow, like the breat. Back brown with dark strips. Song consists of a series of 5 to 8 high-pitched, rapidly repeated trills, flagging at the end si-si-si-si-si-süü. (i) | Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) |
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| 27 | b | | |
| 27 | c |
| Head black with large,white cheek patch. Underparts yellow with a black band stretching from the throat towards the tail. Rhythmic ringing song ti-ta ti-ta ti-ta or ti-ti-ta ti-ti-ta ti-ti-ta. (i) | Great Tit (Parus major) |
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| 28 | a |
| Upper side (at least back in tail) mainly black. Silhouette with long, narrow pointed wings and forked tail (Swallow like silhouette). | ► 29 |
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| 28 | b | | |
| 28 | c | | |
| 28 | d |
| Upper side not black, brown or grey. | ► 37 |
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| 29 | a |
| Bird entirely black except for the pale throat. Usually observed in flight, catching insects and calling with a shrill, monotone, ringing scream srriiirr. (i) | Swift (Apus apus) |
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| 29 | b |
| Belly and underparts of the tail white. | ► 30 |
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| 30 | a |
| Bird with red throat and long ,deeply forked tail. Usually nesting inside buildings. The rather loud song consists of rapid twitters, interrupted by a croaking sound, and turning into a dry rattle. (i) | Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) |
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| 30 | b |
| White throat, underparts and rump contrasting sharply with otherwise black upperparts. Black tail is short and moderately forked. Usually breeding in small colonies with the nests attached on the outside of houses. Noisy, especially in colonies. Gives incessant dry but pleasing twitter prrit. (i) | House Martin (Delichon urbica) |
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| 31 | a |
| Bird more or less entirely brownish. Song long and melodious; pauses between syllables are short. | ► 32 |
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| 31 | b |
| Bird with only upperparts brownish. Breast and belly whitish or greyish. Syllables of the song are short, with a longer pause between. | ► 33 |
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| 32 | a |
| Very small, uniformly brown bird, with the tail held erect when singing. Usually found in forest or in city parks and large gardens with dense vegetation. Sings loudly, usually from the lower branches of trees or the tops of bushes. (i) | Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) |
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| 32 | b |
| Plain brown bird, appearance with slightly darker upperparts and paler underparts. More often heard then seen. Song best recognised by recurring whistles in crescendo lu lu lü lü li li. It also sings during the night. (i) | Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) |
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| 32 | c | | |
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| 33 | a | | |
| 33 | b | | |
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| 34 | a |
| Head colours making a distinctive mask. | ► 35 |
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| 34 | b |
| Head uniformly coloured. | ► 36 |
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| 35 | a |
| Bird black, white and grey, slender, with a long tail, which is constantly wagged up and down. Cheerful, two- or three-syllable call is easily recognisable, tsli-vitt or zi-ze-litt. (i) | Pied Wagtail (Motacilla alba) |
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| 35 | b | | |
| 35 | c |
| Bird grey with paler underparts and darker tail and crown. Ear-coverts are an even darker grey than the crown. Pure white throat contrasts sharply with the head. Song is loud, rattling series tell-tell-tell-tell. (i) | Lesser Whitethroat (Sylvia curruca) |
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| 36 | a | | |
| 36 | b | | |
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| 37 | a |
| Bird yellowish-green in general appearance, with no prominent white pattern on wings or head. | ► 38 |
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| 37 | b |
| Bird more bright coloured, with white patterns on wings or head. | ► 39 |
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| 38 | a | | |
| 38 | b |
| Smaller, more delicate bird with tiny bill. Song a very fast and almost strained stream of squeaky, sharp and jingling notes at even pitch. Sings from treetops or in song-flights made with stiff, slow-motion wingbeats. (i) | Serin (Serinus serinus) |
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| 39 | a |
| Sides of head and breast rusty-red, contrasting with bluish-grey crown and nape. Wings greyish black with a double white wing-bar. Song loud and complicated, but very characteristic. (i) | Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) |
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| 39 | b |
| Very colourful bird (black, yellow, red, brown, white) with an unmistakable red “face”. Wings black with a broad yellow bar. Song rather quiet; consisting of rapid trills, meowing notes and twittering sequences. (i) | Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) |
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